What is the role of integral proteins in membrane transport?

Integral proteins play a crucial role in membrane transport due to their ability to span the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These proteins can function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. They can assist in both passive transport, where substances move along their concentration gradient without the use of energy, and active transport, which requires energy to move substances against their gradient.

By forming a pathway through which ions, solutes, and larger molecules can travel, integral proteins contribute to the cell's ability to maintain homeostasis, take up essential nutrients, and remove waste products. This transport mechanism is vital for various cellular processes, including nutrient uptake, signal transduction, and maintaining an electrochemical gradient across the membrane.