What do peroxisomes primarily do within a cell?

Peroxisomes play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, primarily by detoxifying harmful substances. They contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, as well as enzymes that help in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of various metabolic processes. Through oxidative reactions, peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thus preventing potential cellular damage.

While peroxisomes can also be involved in lipid synthesis, such as the biosynthesis of certain lipids and the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids, their defining characteristic and primary function hinges on their role in detoxification. This process is vital for maintaining cellular health and defending against oxidative damage, distinguishing peroxisomes from other organelles like mitochondria, which are primarily responsible for ATP production, or the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in lipid synthesis.